Smith’s Textbook of Endourology 3rd Edition

Arthur D. Smith MD, Chief Emeritus, Arthur Smith Instituteof Urology, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System, New HydePark, NY, USAGlenn Preminger, Professor of Urology, Duke UniversityMedical Center, Durham, NC, USA

Gopal Badlani, Professor of Urology, Wake ForestUniversity Baptist Medical Center, Winston-Salem, NC, USA

Louis Kavoussi, Chairman of Urology, Arthur SmithInstitute of Urology, North Shore Long Island Jewish Health System,New Hyde Park, NY, USA

Smith’s Textbook of Endourology 3rd Edition Contents

Foreword, xii
Preface, xiii
Contributors, xv
VOLUME I
SECTION 1: BASIC PRINCIPLES
1 Care and Sterilization of
Instruments, 3
Carol Olsen
2 How to Protect Patients and
Personnel from Radiation, 10
John G. Mancini & Michael N. Ferrandino
3 Video Imaging and Documentation,
19
Michael E. Lipkin, Charles D. Scales Jr, & Glenn M.
Preminger
4 Preoperative Antibiotics and
Prevention of Sepsis in
Genitourinary Surgery, 38
Jorge Gutierrez-Aceves, Oscar Negrete-Pulido & Pedro
Avila-Herrera
5 Management of Anticoagulation
Therapy in Endoscopic and
Laparoscopic Urologic Surgery, 53
Michael Poch & George E. Haleblian
SECTION 2: PERCUTANEOUS RENAL
SURGERY
Part 1: Preoperative Considerations
6 Surgical Anatomy of the Kidney in
the Prone, Oblique, and Supine
Positions, 63
Francisco J. B. Sampaio
Contents
7 Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract
Obstruction, 95
Frederick A. Gulmi & Diane Felsen
8 Special Anesthetic Considerations
for Endourology: Ureteroscopy and
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, 120
Sarah G. Bodin & Angela F. Edwards
9 Organizing the Operating Room
for Percutaneous and Ureteroscopic
Procedures and Laparoscopy, 135
Ravindra B. Sabnis & Shashikant Mishra, 135
Part 2: Patient Positioning for
Percutaneous Access
10 Patient Positioning for Supine
Access, 146
José Gabriel Valdivia-Uría
11 Prone, Lateral, and Flexed: Patient
Positioning for Percutaneous
Nephrolithotomy, 152
A. Andrew Ray & R. John D’A. Honey
Part 3: Imaging for Access
12 Percutaneous Renal Access Under
Ultrasound Control, 173
Mahesh R. Desai & Arvind P. Ganpule
13 Percutaneous Renal Access Under
Fluoroscopic Control, 180
Norberto O. Bernardo
14 Computed Tomography for
Percutaneous Renal Access, 189
Khurshid R. Ghani, Uday Patel & Ken Anson
15 Endoscopic Guidance for
Percutaneous Renal Access, 200
Michael K. Louie & Elspeth M. McDougall
vi Contents
Part 4: Selection of Access and Dilation
16 Upper Calyx Access for
Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy, 206
Davis P. Viprakasit & Nicole L. Miller
17 Percutaneous Renal Access without
Image Guidance, 214
Arvin K. George & Arthur D. Smith
18 Retrograde Access for Percutaneous
Renal Surgery, 219
Burak Turna & Robert J. Stein
19 Percutaneous Renal Surgery
Selection of Access: Robotic, 227
Michelle Jo Semins, Dan Stoianovici & Brian R. Matlaga
20 Dilation of the Nephrostomy Tract, 232
Petar Erdeljan & Hassan Razvi
Part 5: Stone Removal
21 Rigid and Flexible Nephroscopy, 240
Mantu Gupta & Hiroshi Katsumi
22 Percutaneous Treatment of Ureteral
Stones, 253
Oscar Schatloff, Amir Cooper & Yoram I. Siegel
23 Special Problems with Staghorn
Calculi, 260
Kevan M. Sternberg & Timothy D. Averch
24 Percutaneous Lithotripsy and Stone
Extraction, 268
Michael S. Lasser & Gyan Pareek
Part 6: Other Uses of Nephrostomy Access
25 Percutaneous Treatment of Calyceal
Diverticula, Infundibular Stenosis,
and Simple Renal Cysts, 277
Amy E. Krambeck & James E. Lingeman
26 Percutaneous Instillation of
Chemolytic, Chemotherapeutic, and
Antifungal Agents, 290
Mohamed A. Elkoushy, Philippe D. Violette & Sero Andonian
27 Percutaneous Treatment of
Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction, 310
Paul J. Van Cangh
28 Percutaneous Management of
Upper Urinary Tract Transitional Cell
Carcinoma, 316
Jonathan J. Rhee & Thomas W. Jarrett
Part 7: Exit Strategy and Complications
29 Exit Strategy After Percutaneous Renal
Surgery: Drainage and Hemostasis, 326
Arun K. Srinivasan, Zeph Okeke & Arthur D. Smith
30 Hemorrhagic Complications
Associated with Renal Surgery, 334
Ardeshir R. Rastinehad, Sero Andonian, & David N. Siegel
31 Diagnosis and Management of
Thoracic Complications of
Percutaneous Renal Surgery, 340
Jennifer Yates & Ravi Munver
32 Bowel and Other Organ Injury
during Percutaneous Renal Surgery,
349
Saeed Al-Qahtani & Olivier Traxer
SECTION 3: URETEROSCOPY
Part 1: General Principles
33 Ureteral Anatomy, 357
Dorit E. Zilberman
34 Rigid and Flexible Ureteroscopes:
Technical Features, 365
David A. Payne & Francis X. Keeley, Jr
35 Ureteroscopy Working Instruments,
388
Renato N. Pedro & Manoj Monga
36 Access to the Ureter: Rigid
Ureteroscopy, 395
Fernando C. Delvecchio
37 Access to the Ureter: Flexible
Ureteroscopy, 402
Ojas Shah & Elias Hyams
38 Ureteroscopic Management of
Ureteral Calculi, 412
Gautam Jayram & Glenn S. Gerber
39 Ureteroscopic Management of Renal
Calculi, 418
Sven Lahme
40 Diagnostic Ureteroscopy, 429
Michael J. Conlin
41 Ureteroscopic Diagnosis
and Treatment of Upper Urinary
Tract Neoplasms, 436
Demetrius H. Bagley
Contents vii
Part 2: Ureteroscopic Management of
Ureteral Obstruction
42 Retrograde Ureteroscopic
Endopyelotomy for Ureteropelvic
Junction Obstruction, 453
Ugur Boylu & Raju Thomas
43 Mid-Ureteral Obstruction, 461
Mrinal Dhar & Michael Grasso
44 Distal Ureteral Strictures, 472
Amin S. Herati & Mohamed A. Atalla
45 Endoscopic Management of
Ureteroenteric Strictures, 481
Davis P. Viprakasit & S. Duke Herrell
46 Ureteroscopy: Ureteral Stents and
Postoperative Care, 495
Ben H. Chew & Ryan F. Paterson
47 Ureteroscopy Complications, 506
Petrisor Geavlete
48 Ureteroscopy into the Future:
Robotic Ureteroscopy, 519
Monish Aron
SECTION 4: SHOCK-WAVE LITHOTRIPSY
49 Physics of Shock-Wave Lithotripsy,
529
Robin O. Cleveland & James A. McAteer
50 Lithotripsy Systems, 559
Geert G. Tailly
51 Shock-Wave Treatment of Renal
Calculi, 576
Hans-Göran Tiselius
52 Shock-Wave Lithotripsy of Ureteral
Calculi, 598
Damien M. Bolton & Anthony Ta
53 Complications of Shock-Wave
Lithotripsy, 612
Fang Jann Lee & Yeh Hong Tan
SECTION 5: STONE MANAGEMENT IN
UROLOGY
Part 1: General Principles
54 Natural History of Stones, 625
Michael G. Santomauro & Brian K. Auge
55 Initial Choice of Therapy in the
Urinary Stone Patient, 634
Peter L. Steinberg & David M. Hoenig
56 Management of Urolithiasis during
Pregnancy, 644
Petar Erdeljan & John D. Denstedt
57 Management of Stones in Obesity, 654
Ömer Levent Tuncay, Cenk Acar & Saadettin Eskicorapci
58 Management of Residual Stone
Fragments, 662
Andreas Skolarikos
59 Management of Renal Colic and
Triage in the Emergency Room, 675
Marius Cloete Conradie
60 Anesthesia for the Endourologic
Management of Stone Disease, 688
John Di Capua, Harold Kim, Kenneth Cordero &
Beatrice Saldana Ferretti
Part 2: Management of Stones in
Abnormal Situations
61 Horseshoe Kidney, 702
Wan Wan Yap, Tze Wah & Adrian D. Joyce
62 Associated Conditions and
Treatment of the Pelvic Kidney, 707
Nadya M. Cinman, Zeph Okeke & Arthur D. Smith
63 Management of Stone Disease in
Renal Transplant Kidneys, 716
Ali Riza Kural & Can Öbek
64 Stones in Urinary Diversions:
Causes and Treatment, 725
Zeph Okeke, Zhamshid Okhunov & Arthur D. Smith
65 Management of Pediatric Stone
Disease: Endourologic Techniques, 735
Marc C. Smaldone, Daniel P. Casella & Michael C. Ost
Part 3: Cost-Effectiveness and Long-Term
Stenting
66 Cost-Effective Strategies for
Management of Renal and Ureteral
Calculi, 756
Sara Best, Yair Lotan & Margaret S. Pearle
67 Long-Term Stenting of the Ureter, 772
Evangelos Liatsikos, Panagiotis Kallidonis,
Dimitrios Karnabatidis & Theodoros Petsas
Index to Volumes I and II
viii Contents
VOLUME II
SECTION 6: LAPAROSCOPY AND ROBOTIC
SURGERY
Part 1: General Principles
68 Patient Preparation and Operating
Room Set-up for Laparoscopic and
Robotic Surgery, 785
Sarah P. Conley & Benjamin R. Lee
69 Anesthetic Considerations during
Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery, 793
Alan Butler, Kenneth Cordero & John Di Capua
70 Pneumoperitoneum: Physiologic
Effects, 811
Jay D. Raman & Jeffrey A. Cadeddu
Part 2: Instrumentation and Access
71 Laparoscopy: Basic Instrumentation, 827
Khaled Shahrour & Stephen V. Jackman
72 Robotic Surgery: Basic Instrumentation
and Troubleshooting, 843
Wooju Jeong, Firas Petros & Craig Rogers
73 Minimally Invasive Urologic
Reconstructive Techniques: Suture,
Staple, and Clip Technology, 848
Michael J. Schwartz
74 Obtaining Access: Transperitoneal
Approach and Trocar Placement, 858
Debora K. Moore, John C. Coleman & Robert G. Moore
75 Retroperitoneal Access, 874
Ali Moinzadeh
76 Basic Hand-Assisted Laparoscopic
Techniques, 878
J. Stuart Wolf Jr
Part 3: Laparoscopy and Robotics in Adults
77 Pelvic Lymphadenectomy, 893
Steven M. Lucas & Chandru P. Sundaram
78 Endoscopic Subcutaneous Modified
Inguinal Lymph Node Dissection for
Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the
Penis, 917
Jay T. Bishoff
79 Laparoscopic Retroperitoneal
Lymph Node Dissection, 924
Thomas J. Guzzo & Mohamad E. Allaf
80 Laparoscopic Varicocelectomy, 932
Duong Tu & Kenneth I. Glassberg
81 Renal Surgery for Benign Disease, 940
Sean P. Hedican & Stephen Y. Nakada
82 Laparoscopic Living Donor
Nephrectomy, 992
Jonathan D. Harper, Alberto Breda & Peter G. Schulam
83 Renal Surgery for Malignant
Disease: Radical Nephrectomy
and Nephroureterectomy, 1000
Ben R. McHone, Thomas W. Jarrett & Peter A. Pinto
84 Renal Surgery for Malignant Disease:
Nephron-Sparing Surgery, 1014
Pascal Zehnder, Manuel S. Eisenberg & Inderbir S. Gill
85 Laparoscopic and Robotic
Adrenalectomy, 1025
Daniel Yong, Matvey Tsivian & David M. Albala
86 Laparoscopic and Robotic
Reconstructive Surgery of the
Ureter, 1036
Ioannis Varkarakis
87 Laparoscopic and Robotic
Techniques for the Management
of Pelvic Organ Prolapse, 1060
Courtenay K. Moore & Raymond R. Rackley
88 Laparoscopic and Robotic
Techniques for Repair of Female
Genitourinary Fistulas, 1068
Lalgudi N. Dorairajan & Ashok K. Hemal
89 Laparoscopic and Robotic Bladder
Surgery, 1079
Koon Ho Rha, Enrique Ian S. Lorenzo & Cheol Kyu Oh
90 Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy,
1094
Jens Rassweiler, Giovannalberto Pini, Marcel Hruza,
Ali Serdar Goezen & Dogu Teber
91 Robot-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy,
1119
Jason Y. Lee, Douglas W. Skarecky & Thomas E. Ahlering
92 Optimizing Outcomes During
Laparoscopic and Robot-Assisted
Radical Prostatectomy: Oncologic
Concerns, Potency, and Continence,
1135
Daniel Willis & Li-Ming Su
93 Minimally Invasive Simple
Prostatectomy, 1147
Matthew H. Hayn & Khurshid A. Guru
Contents ix
94 Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery
of the Seminal Vesicles, 1152
James C. Brien & Michael D. Fabrizio
95 Laparoscopic Abdominal Wall
Hernias: Incisional, Parastomal,
and Inguinal Hernia Repairs, 1160
Thai T. Nguyen & Howard N. Winfield
Part 4: Laparoscopy and Robotics in
Children
96 Laparoscopic and Robotic
Pyeloplasty in Children, 1179
Craig A. Peters
97 Pediatric Laparoscopic and
Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic
Renal Surgery, 1188
Brian A. VanderBrink & Michael C. Ost
98 Minimally Invasive Techniques in
Lower Urinary Tract Reconstruction,
1201
Arun Srinivasan, Gianmarco Isgrò & Salvatore Micali
99 Laparoscopic Management of the
Undescended Testicle, 1208
Lane S. Palmer
Part 5: Exit Strategy and Complications
100 Laparoscopic Exit: Specimen
Removal, Closure, and Drainage,
1219
Ricardo A. Natalin, Jaime Landman & Adam C. Mues
101 Complications in Urologic
Laparoscopy, 1230
David Canes, Camilo Giedelman & Rene Sotelo
Part 6: LESS and NOTES
102 LESS and NOTES: History
and Introduction, 1241
Pradeep P. Rao & Prashanth P. Rao
103 NOTES: Instruments, Platforms,
and Endoscopes, 1248
Mark D. Sawyer & Lee E. Ponsky
104 NOTES: Access and Exit, 1258
Candace F. Granberg & Matthew T. Gettman
105 NOTES: Clinical Experience in
Urology, 1266
Geoffery N. Box
106 Laparoendoscopic Single-Site
Surgery: Ports, Access, and
Instrumentation, 1274
Michael A. White & Jihad H. Kaouk
107 Laparoendoscopic Single-Site
Upper Tract Surgery, 1283
Soroush Rais-Bahrami, Abhay Rane & Lee Richstone
108 Laparoendoscopic Single-Site
Lower Tract Surgery, 1292
Mihir M. Desai
SECTION 7: IMAGE-GUIDED DIAGNOSTICS
AND THERAPEUTICS
Part 1: Upper Tract
109 Radiologic Diagnosis of Renal
Masses, 1299
Gail S. Smith, Carolyn K. Donaldson & Richard M. Gore
110 Renal Mass Biopsy, 1327
Kurdo Barwari, M.Pilar Laguna & Jean de la Rosette
111 Percutaneous Radiofrequency
Ablation of Kidney Tumors, 1342
Obi Ekwenna, Rajan Ramanathan & Raymond J. Leveillee
112 Percutaneous Cryoablation for
Renal Tumors, 1358
Manish A. Vira
Part 2: Lower Tract
113 Image-Guided Prostate
Brachytherapy, 1371
Louis Potters & Lucille Lee
114 Image-Guided External Beam
Radiotherapy, 1376
Lucille Lee & Louis Potters
115 High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound
of the Prostate, 1393
Christian G. Chaussy & Stefan Thüroff
116 Cryotherapy of the Prostate, 1406
Matvey Tsivian & Thomas J. Polascik
117 Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in
Urology, 1416
Bastiaan Brand, Jean de la Rosette & Hessel Wijkstra
118 Endorectal MRI: Use in Prostate
Cancer, 1425
Abhishek Srivastava, Sonal Grover, Prasanna
Sooriakumaran & Ashutosh Tewari
x Contents
Part 3: Angioembolization of the
Urinary Tract
119 Angioembolization in Urology, 1438
Ardeshir R. Rastinehad, Peter A. Pinto & David N. Siegel
SECTION 8: LOWER URINARY TRACT
Part 1: Assessment of Voiding
Dysfunction/Prostate
120 Assessment of Outflow Obstruction
and Sphincteric Incontinence in
Men: A Urodynamic and
Fluoroscopic Perspective, 1451
Hiroshi Katsumi, Matthew P. Rutman & Jerry G. Blaivas
121 Office-Based Cystoscopy: Continued
Advances, 1463
Judson D. Davies & Sam S. Chang
Part 2: Office/Ambulatory Set-up for
Minimally Invasive Treatment
of the Prostate
122 Equipment Set-up and Patient
Handouts, 1468
Mayank Mohan Agarwal, Crystal R. Combs &
Gopal H. Badlani
123 Local Anesthesia for Minimally
Invasive Treatment of the Prostate
in the Office Setting, 1481
Jay Hollander & Damon Dyche
Part 3: Office-Based Treatment for the
Prostate
124 Microwave Therapy, 1490
Stavros Gravas
125 Transurethral Needle Ablation
of the Prostate, 1503
Alexandre R. Zlotta & Cynthia Kuk
126 Prostate Laser Vaporization Using
the 980-nm Laser System, 1522
James C. Ulchaker
Part 4: Day Operative Procedures for
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
127 Holmium Laser Therapy of the
Prostate, 1526
Hazem M. Elmansy & Mostafa M. Elhilali
128 532-nm High-Power Transurethral
Laser Prostatectomy, 1536
Bilal Chughtai, Melissa Laudano, Richard Lee & Alexis E. Te
129 Thulium Lasers, 1548
Andreas J. Gross
130 Interstitial Laser Therapy, 1558
Rolf Muschter
Part 5: Ablation of the Prostate
131 Electrosurgery of the Prostate:
Improvements in Electrosurgical
Unit, Transurethral Vaporization of
the Prostate, and Bipolar Resection,
1575
Ranan DasGupta & Anup Patel
132 Monopolar Energy, 1592
Madhu S. Agrawal, Himanshu Yadav & Mayank Agarwal
133 Bipolar Resection, 1602
Jaspreet S. Sandhu
134 Bipolar Vaporization of the Prostate,
1610
Kyle A. Richards & Gopal H. Badlani
Part 6: Intra- and Trans-vesical
Procedures
135 Single-Port Transvesical Simple
Prostatectomy, 1617
Rene Sotelo, Camilo Giedelman & Mihir Desai
136 Bladder Injections for Refractory
Overactive Bladder, 1625
Mehrdad Alemozaffar & Anurag K. Das
137 STING Procedure for Reflux, 1633
Steve J. Hodges
138 Minimally Invasive Therapy for
Interstitial Cystitis/Painful Bladder
Syndrome, 1640
Sylvia Montag & Robert Moldwin
Part 7: Endoscopic and Minimally
Invasive Approach to Strictures
139 Incision: Endoscopic Management
of Urethral Stenoses, 1650
Jeremy B. Tonkin, Kurt A. McCammon & Gerald H. Jordan
Contents xi
140 Bladder Neck Contracture Following
Radical Prostatectomy, 1661
Timothy B. Boone
Part 8: Incontinence
141 Bioinjectables for SUI (Stress
Urinary Incontinence), 1666
John J. Smith III & Simone Crivellaro
142 Single-Incision Slings, 1672
Michael J. Kennelly & Erinn Myers
143 Mid-Urethral Slings for the
Treatment of Female Stress Urinary
Incontinence, 1684
Eva Fong, Sagar Shah & Victor Nitti
144 Maxi/Pubovaginal Sling, 1699
Bhavin Patel & Gopal Badlani
145 Mesh Kits for Vaginal Prolapse
Surgery, 1706
G. Willy Davila
146 Male Slings for Treatment of
Post-Prostatectomy Incontinence,
1714
Ajay Nehra & E. Fred McPhail
Index to Volumes I and II

Smith’s Textbook of Endourology 3rd Edition – SECTION 1

Basic Principles

CHAPTER 1
Care and Sterilization of Instruments
Carol Olsen
The Arthur Smith Institute for Urology, North Shore – Long Island Jewish Health System, New Hyde Park, NY, USA

History of sterilization Surgical instruments have been in use since prehistoric times. The effects of using instruments that were neitherclean nor sterile were not a major concern in past eras.
The methods for the care and sterilization of instruments have gone through an evolutionary change and have greatly improved over the last few centuries. It was not until the 19th century that a process for instrument sterilization was developed and recognized. During this time the focus on the need to sterilize instruments prior to a surgical procedure developed from the effects of
postsurgical wound management and the need to eliminate the increased infections of these wounds. This recognition led to the evolution and development of the current standard practice of instrument sterilization.

Noted in the 19th century, surgeons performed operations in their street clothes, often times dirty street clothes, and reused instruments without a standard cleaning process. In 1864, Joseph Lister introduced the use of phenol, a carbolic acid, on inanimate objects and surfaces as well as human tissue, in the hospital wards and operating rooms, which resulted in a dramatic decrease in the incidence of wound infections. Carbolic acid was used in conjunction with other components to dress wounds in an antiseptic manner, which prevented bacteria from entering the wound. This led him to introduce other methods of asepsis, such as sterilization of surgical instruments by using an application of heat and  carbolic acid, and the frequent cleaning of the surgeon’s hands during an operation. After publication of these findings in the The Lancet in 1867, the “era of antiseptic surgery” was introduced into the field of medicine and surgery. By the year 1875 Lister’s principles of antiseptic surgery were accepted worldwide [1, 2].